Membangun Keadilan dan Komitmen Global dalam Kebijakan Iklim Nasional: Analisis Reinterpretasi CBDR-RC di Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35194/jhmj.v11i2.5977Keywords:
CBDR-RC, Indonesian Climate Policy, Climate Justice, Kebijakan Iklim Indonesia, Keadilan iklim.Abstract
AbstractThis study examines the interpretation and application of the principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities (CBDR-RC) in Indonesia’s climate change policies within the international climate change law regime. The analysis focuses on how this principle is operationalized within the national legal framework to balance international obligations with the State’s domestic capacities. This research employs a normative legal method, drawing on statutory and conceptual approaches, through an analysis of relevant international legal instruments and Indonesia’s national climate policies. The findings demonstrate that the reinterpretation of the CBDR-RC principle provides a legal basis for Indonesia to adopt flexible and proportionate climate policies without compromising its obligation to contribute to global emission-reduction efforts. The application of this principle underscores the dimensions of distributive justice, sustainable development, and the protection of vulnerable groups, as reflected in the formulation of national climate policies, particularly through the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) mechanism. This study concludes that the CBDR-RC principle holds normative significance in strengthening the legal legitimacy of Indonesia’s position and in maintaining coherence between national law and international climate change law. AbstrakPenelitian ini menganalisis pemaknaan dan penerapan prinsip Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities (CBDR-RC) dalam kebijakan perubahan iklim Indonesia sebagai bagian dari rezim hukum perubahan iklim internasional. Fokus penelitian diarahkan pada bagaimana prinsip tersebut dioperasionalisasikan dalam kerangka hukum nasional untuk menyeimbangkan kewajiban internasional dengan kapasitas domestik negara. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual, melalui analisis terhadap instrumen hukum internasional serta kebijakan iklim nasional Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa reinterpretasi prinsip CBDR-RC berfungsi sebagai dasar yuridis bagi Indonesia untuk mengadopsi kebijakan iklim yang fleksibel dan proporsional, tanpa menegasikan kewajiban kontribusi terhadap tujuan global pengurangan emisi. Penerapan prinsip ini menegaskan dimensi keadilan distributif, keberlanjutan pembangunan, dan perlindungan kelompok rentan, yang tercermin dalam perumusan kebijakan iklim nasional, khususnya melalui mekanisme Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC). Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa prinsip CBDR-RC memiliki signifikansi normatif dalam memperkuat legitimasi hukum posisi Indonesia serta menjaga konsistensi antara hukum nasional dan hukum perubahan iklim internasional.
References
Alisjahbana, Armida Salsiah, dan Endah Murniningtyas. Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan di Indonesia: Konsep, Target, dan Strategi Implementasi. Cetakan ke-2. Bandung: Unpad Press, 2018.
Barry, Christian. “Globalizing Responsibility for Climate Change.” Ethics & International Affairs 26, no. 1 (2012): 139–158.
Drishti IAS. Main Answer Writing Practice. 2025. https://www.drishtiias.com/mains-practice-question/question-86. Diakses 18 Oktober 2025.
Fajardo, Valerie, Alyssa Huffman, dan Lorena Zenteno Villa. “Reassessing Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities: Climate Finance and the Paris Agreement at COP29.” Völkerrechtsblog, 2024. https://doi.org/10.17176/20241112-235915-0.
German Council on Foreign Relations. “Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR).” German Council on Foreign Relations, 2024. https://dgap.org/en/research/glossary/climate-foreign-policy/common-differentiated-responsibilities-cbdr.
Institute for Essential Services Reform (IESR). “Indonesia and Ratification of the Paris Agreement: Where Do We Stand?” 2016. https://iesr.or.id/en/indonesia-dan-ratifikasi-paris-agreement-di-manakah-kita/. Diakses 25 September 2025.
Institute for Essential Services Reform. Pernyataan Bersama Indonesia Net-Zero Summit 2025. Institute for Essential Services Reform, 2025. https://iesr.or.id/pernyataan-bersama-indonesia-net-zero-summit-2025/. Diakses 19 Oktober 2025.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Geneva: IPCC, 2023. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/. Diakses 15 Oktober 2025.
Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia. NDA. Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia, 2025. https://fiskal.kemenkeu.go.id/nda_gcf/tentang-gcf/. Diakses 19 Oktober 2025.
Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Perekonomian Republik Indonesia. Pencapaian Pembangunan Berkelanjutan Melalui Ekonomi Hijau dan Penerapan Praktik Environmental, Social, and Governance. Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Perekonomian Republik Indonesia, 2021. https://www.ekon.go.id/publikasi/detail/3462/pencapaian-pembangunan-berkelanjutan-melalui-ekonomi-hijau-dan-penerapan-praktik-environmental-social-and-governance. Diakses 19 Oktober 2025.
Lazarus. “Implementasi Prinsip Tanggung Jawab Negara dalam Mitigasi Perubahan Iklim Berdasarkan Paris Agreement.” Media Hukum Indonesia (MHI) 4, no. 1 (Desember 2025): 89–95.
Megantari, Mulia. “Dorong Aksi Iklim yang Berdampak, Satu Data Indonesia Soroti Peran Strategis Tata Kelola Data dan Inovasi Digital.” Satu Data Indonesia, 2025. https://data.go.id/news/2025/07/dorong-aksi-iklim-yang-berdampak-satu-data-indonesia-soroti-peran-strategis-tata-kelola-data-dan-inovasi-digital/827. Diakses 19 Oktober 2025.
Miano, Muhammad Ryan Ramadhani, dan Muhammad Widodo. “Konsep Common but Differentiated Responsibility and Respective Capabilities (CBDR-RC): Upaya Mitigasi Pasif Terhadap Sampah Antariksa.” Binamulia Hukum 13 (2024): 11–24.
Mongabay Indonesia. “Bagaimana Tata Kelola Hutan Harusnya Dilakukan?” Mongabay Indonesia, 2022. https://mongabay.co.id/bagaimana-tata-kelola-hutan-harusnya-dilakukan/. Diakses 19 Oktober 2025.
Oberthür, Sebastian, et al. “How Fairness Principles in the Climate Debate Relate to Theories of Distributive Justice.” Sustainability 13, no. 13 (2021): 7302.
Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 22 Tahun 2017 tentang Rencana Umum Energi Nasional.
Perrez, Franz Xaver. “The Role of the United Nations Environment Assembly in Emerging Issues of International Environmental Law.” Sustainability 12 (2020): 9–10.
Rachmawati Suratno, Ika. “Towards Indonesia’s Climate Resilience: Kick-Off of the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) Preparation.” IKI Indonesia, 2024. https://iki-indonesia.id/towards-indonesias-climate-resilience-kick-off-of-the-national-adaptation-plan-nap-preparation/. Diakses 19 Oktober 2025.
Salidja, Suhaendi, dan Siti Sumartini. “Penerapan Prinsip Common but Differentiated Responsibility Dihubungkan dengan Prinsip Tanggung Jawab Negara dalam Penegakan Hukum Lingkungan Internasional.” Gema Wiralodra 13, no. 1 (2022): 233–246.
Salsabila, Nabila Putri, dan Jamie Wong. “Indonesia’s New Climate Goals: Positive Developments but Some Red Flags.” Climate Action Tracker, 2024. https://climateactiontracker.org/blog/indonesias-new-climate-goals-positive-developments-but-some-red-flags/. Diakses 15 Oktober 2025.
Saptati D. I., Reni. “Indonesia Berkomitmen Penuh Tangani Perubahan Iklim.” Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia, 2023. https://mediakeuangan.kemenkeu.go.id/article/show/indonesia-berkomitmen-penuh-tangani-perubahan-iklim. Diakses 19 Oktober 2025.
Schneider, Henrique. “Common but Differentiated Responsibilities in the Paris Agreement.” FIU Law Review 18 (2024): 327–345.
Sekarwati, Anastasya Putri, dan Yoga Suharman. “Kontestasi Norma dan Diskursus Relasi Kuasa: Penundaan Target Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) Indonesia pada COP29.” Spektrum 22, no. 2 (2025).
United Nations Development Programme. Climate Finance Network. United Nations Development Programme, 2025. https://www.undp.org/indonesia/projects/climate-finance-network. Diakses 19 Oktober 2025.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Adoption of the Paris Agreement. FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1. December 12, 2015. https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09r01.pdf. Diakses 15 Oktober 2025.
UNFCCC. APA Informal Note. 2016. https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2016/apa/eng/inf03.pdf. Diakses 17 Oktober 2025.
UNFCCC. “COP 21 – Decisions.” 2015. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/conferences/past-conferences/paris-climate-change-conference-november-2015/cop-21/cop-21-decisions. Diakses 15 Oktober 2025.
UNFCCC. Outcome of the First Global Stocktake. FCCC/PA/CMA/2023/L.18. 2023. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/cma5_auv_1213.pdf. Diakses 15 Oktober 2025.
Wartini, Sri, dan Septika Nanda Arifia. “Assessing the Implications of CBDR-RC Principle Implementation in Indonesia’s NDC: A Review of Climate Change Mitigation.” International Journal of Sociology and Law 1 (2024): 76–94.
Wibisana, Arif Sidharta. “Keadilan dalam Satu (Intra) Generasi: Sebuah Pengantar Berdasarkan Taksonomi Keadilan Lingkungan.” Mimbar Hukum 27, no. 3 (2015): 473–490.
Yayasan Madani Berkelanjutan. Uang Publik, Kepercayaan Publik: Kebutuhan Mendesak untuk Transparansi dalam Tata Kelola Iklim Indonesia. Yayasan Madani Berkelanjutan, 2024. https://madaniberkelanjutan.id/uang-publik-kepercayaan-publik-kebutuhan-mendesak-untuk-transparansi-dalam-tata-kelola-iklim-indonesia/. Diakses 19 Oktober 2025.
Barry, Christian. “Globalizing Responsibility for Climate Change.” Ethics & International Affairs 26, no. 1 (2012): 139–158.
Drishti IAS. Main Answer Writing Practice. 2025. https://www.drishtiias.com/mains-practice-question/question-86. Diakses 18 Oktober 2025.
Fajardo, Valerie, Alyssa Huffman, dan Lorena Zenteno Villa. “Reassessing Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities: Climate Finance and the Paris Agreement at COP29.” Völkerrechtsblog, 2024. https://doi.org/10.17176/20241112-235915-0.
German Council on Foreign Relations. “Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR).” German Council on Foreign Relations, 2024. https://dgap.org/en/research/glossary/climate-foreign-policy/common-differentiated-responsibilities-cbdr.
Institute for Essential Services Reform (IESR). “Indonesia and Ratification of the Paris Agreement: Where Do We Stand?” 2016. https://iesr.or.id/en/indonesia-dan-ratifikasi-paris-agreement-di-manakah-kita/. Diakses 25 September 2025.
Institute for Essential Services Reform. Pernyataan Bersama Indonesia Net-Zero Summit 2025. Institute for Essential Services Reform, 2025. https://iesr.or.id/pernyataan-bersama-indonesia-net-zero-summit-2025/. Diakses 19 Oktober 2025.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Geneva: IPCC, 2023. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/. Diakses 15 Oktober 2025.
Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia. NDA. Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia, 2025. https://fiskal.kemenkeu.go.id/nda_gcf/tentang-gcf/. Diakses 19 Oktober 2025.
Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Perekonomian Republik Indonesia. Pencapaian Pembangunan Berkelanjutan Melalui Ekonomi Hijau dan Penerapan Praktik Environmental, Social, and Governance. Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Perekonomian Republik Indonesia, 2021. https://www.ekon.go.id/publikasi/detail/3462/pencapaian-pembangunan-berkelanjutan-melalui-ekonomi-hijau-dan-penerapan-praktik-environmental-social-and-governance. Diakses 19 Oktober 2025.
Lazarus. “Implementasi Prinsip Tanggung Jawab Negara dalam Mitigasi Perubahan Iklim Berdasarkan Paris Agreement.” Media Hukum Indonesia (MHI) 4, no. 1 (Desember 2025): 89–95.
Megantari, Mulia. “Dorong Aksi Iklim yang Berdampak, Satu Data Indonesia Soroti Peran Strategis Tata Kelola Data dan Inovasi Digital.” Satu Data Indonesia, 2025. https://data.go.id/news/2025/07/dorong-aksi-iklim-yang-berdampak-satu-data-indonesia-soroti-peran-strategis-tata-kelola-data-dan-inovasi-digital/827. Diakses 19 Oktober 2025.
Miano, Muhammad Ryan Ramadhani, dan Muhammad Widodo. “Konsep Common but Differentiated Responsibility and Respective Capabilities (CBDR-RC): Upaya Mitigasi Pasif Terhadap Sampah Antariksa.” Binamulia Hukum 13 (2024): 11–24.
Mongabay Indonesia. “Bagaimana Tata Kelola Hutan Harusnya Dilakukan?” Mongabay Indonesia, 2022. https://mongabay.co.id/bagaimana-tata-kelola-hutan-harusnya-dilakukan/. Diakses 19 Oktober 2025.
Oberthür, Sebastian, et al. “How Fairness Principles in the Climate Debate Relate to Theories of Distributive Justice.” Sustainability 13, no. 13 (2021): 7302.
Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 22 Tahun 2017 tentang Rencana Umum Energi Nasional.
Perrez, Franz Xaver. “The Role of the United Nations Environment Assembly in Emerging Issues of International Environmental Law.” Sustainability 12 (2020): 9–10.
Rachmawati Suratno, Ika. “Towards Indonesia’s Climate Resilience: Kick-Off of the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) Preparation.” IKI Indonesia, 2024. https://iki-indonesia.id/towards-indonesias-climate-resilience-kick-off-of-the-national-adaptation-plan-nap-preparation/. Diakses 19 Oktober 2025.
Salidja, Suhaendi, dan Siti Sumartini. “Penerapan Prinsip Common but Differentiated Responsibility Dihubungkan dengan Prinsip Tanggung Jawab Negara dalam Penegakan Hukum Lingkungan Internasional.” Gema Wiralodra 13, no. 1 (2022): 233–246.
Salsabila, Nabila Putri, dan Jamie Wong. “Indonesia’s New Climate Goals: Positive Developments but Some Red Flags.” Climate Action Tracker, 2024. https://climateactiontracker.org/blog/indonesias-new-climate-goals-positive-developments-but-some-red-flags/. Diakses 15 Oktober 2025.
Saptati D. I., Reni. “Indonesia Berkomitmen Penuh Tangani Perubahan Iklim.” Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia, 2023. https://mediakeuangan.kemenkeu.go.id/article/show/indonesia-berkomitmen-penuh-tangani-perubahan-iklim. Diakses 19 Oktober 2025.
Schneider, Henrique. “Common but Differentiated Responsibilities in the Paris Agreement.” FIU Law Review 18 (2024): 327–345.
Sekarwati, Anastasya Putri, dan Yoga Suharman. “Kontestasi Norma dan Diskursus Relasi Kuasa: Penundaan Target Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) Indonesia pada COP29.” Spektrum 22, no. 2 (2025).
United Nations Development Programme. Climate Finance Network. United Nations Development Programme, 2025. https://www.undp.org/indonesia/projects/climate-finance-network. Diakses 19 Oktober 2025.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Adoption of the Paris Agreement. FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1. December 12, 2015. https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09r01.pdf. Diakses 15 Oktober 2025.
UNFCCC. APA Informal Note. 2016. https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2016/apa/eng/inf03.pdf. Diakses 17 Oktober 2025.
UNFCCC. “COP 21 – Decisions.” 2015. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/conferences/past-conferences/paris-climate-change-conference-november-2015/cop-21/cop-21-decisions. Diakses 15 Oktober 2025.
UNFCCC. Outcome of the First Global Stocktake. FCCC/PA/CMA/2023/L.18. 2023. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/cma5_auv_1213.pdf. Diakses 15 Oktober 2025.
Wartini, Sri, dan Septika Nanda Arifia. “Assessing the Implications of CBDR-RC Principle Implementation in Indonesia’s NDC: A Review of Climate Change Mitigation.” International Journal of Sociology and Law 1 (2024): 76–94.
Wibisana, Arif Sidharta. “Keadilan dalam Satu (Intra) Generasi: Sebuah Pengantar Berdasarkan Taksonomi Keadilan Lingkungan.” Mimbar Hukum 27, no. 3 (2015): 473–490.
Yayasan Madani Berkelanjutan. Uang Publik, Kepercayaan Publik: Kebutuhan Mendesak untuk Transparansi dalam Tata Kelola Iklim Indonesia. Yayasan Madani Berkelanjutan, 2024. https://madaniberkelanjutan.id/uang-publik-kepercayaan-publik-kebutuhan-mendesak-untuk-transparansi-dalam-tata-kelola-iklim-indonesia/. Diakses 19 Oktober 2025.
Downloads
Published
2025-12-31
Issue
Section
Artikel Penelitian
License
With the receipt of the article by the Jurnal Hukum Mimbar Justitia)Editorial Board and the decision to be published, then the copyright regarding the article will be diverted to Jurnal Hukum Mimbar Justitia.
Jurnal Hukum Mimbar Justitia by Editor is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0
