Analysis of the relationship between emotional quotient and physical activities on fundamental motor skills of elementary school
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35194/jm.v14i1.4196Keywords:
Emotional Quotient, Physical Activity, Fundamental Motor Skills, Elementary School StudentsAbstract
The significance of emotional quotients (EQ) and physical activities in developing fundamental motor skills in elementary school students was the primary reason for this study. This study analyzes the relationship between EQ and physical activities with fundamental motor skills among elementary school students aged 7-9. The research method employed observational analytics with a cross-sectional approach. The study population consisted of students from Kurma Islamic Elementary School in Salatiga, with a sample of 80 students aged 7-9. Data were collected through questionnaires (EQ), PAQ-C, and performance-based motor skills assessment rubric. Data analysis was conducted using Pearson correlation and linear regression tests. The results showed a significant relationship between EQ and fundamental motor skills. Additionally, there was a significant relationship between physical activities and fundamental motor skills. Regression analysis indicated that EQ and physical activities significantly influenced fundamental motor skills simultaneously. This study reveals that both EQ and physical activities significantly impact fundamental motor skills in elementary school students. The implications of the findings underscore the significance of integrating holistic education programs, incorporating EQ development, and promoting physical activity to support overall motor development and well-being in children.
References
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Bidzan-Bluma, I., & Lipowska, M. (2018). Physical Activity and Cognitive Functioning of Children: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(4), 800. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040800
Borland, R. L., Cameron, L. A., Tonge, B. J., & Gray, K. M. (2022). Effects of physical activity on behaviour and emotional problems, mental health and psychosocial well?being in children and adolescents with intellectual disability: A systematic review. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 35(2), 399–420. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12961
Crocker, P. R. E., Bailey, D. A., Faulkner, R. A., Kowalski, K. C., & Mcgrath, R. (1997). Measuring general levels of physical activity: preliminary evidence for the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 29(10), 1344–1349. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199710000-00011
Damian, M., Oltean, A., & Damian, C. (2018). The Impact of sedentary behavior on health and the need for physical activity in children and adolescents. Revista Romaneasca Pentru Educatie Multidimensionala, 10(1), 71. https://doi.org/10.18662/rrem/19
Doherty, A., & Forés Miravalles, A. (2019). Physical Activity and Cognition: Inseparable in the Classroom. Frontiers in Education, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2019.00105
Engel, A. C., Broderick, C. R., van Doorn, N., Hardy, L. L., & Parmenter, B. J. (2018). Exploring the Relationship Between Fundamental Motor Skill Interventions and Physical Activity Levels in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 48(8), 1845–1857. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0923-3
Esmaeelzadehazad, S., Valadi, S., & Gabbard, C. (2022). The impact of maternal emotional intelligence on young children’s motor development. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 19(4), 494–510. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2021.1918094
Farmer, J., Mistry, M., & Jainer, A. K. (2020). Emotional Intelligence for Healthcare. Sushruta Journal of Health Policy & Opinion, 13(1), 26–27. https://doi.org/10.38192/13.1.8
Gao, Z., & Wang, R. (2019a). Children’s motor skills competence, physical activity, fitness, and health promotion. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 8(2), 95–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2018.12.002
Gao, Z., & Wang, R. (2019b). Children’s motor skills competence,
physical activity, fitness, and health promotion. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 8(2), 95–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2018.12.002
Harahap, N. R. A., Badrujaman, A., & Hidayat, D. R. (2022).
Determinants of Academic Stress in Students. Bisma The Journal of Counseling, 6(3), 335–345. https://doi.org/10.23887/bisma.v6i3.53548
Hasan, H. A., Adi, S., Hariyanto, E., Khongrungchok, A., Oktaviani, H. I., & Fajarianto, O. (2023). Physical Activity with Play and Game Model to Improve the Cognitive of Elementary School Students. Edcomtech: Jurnal Kajian Teknologi Pendidikan, 8(1), 49. https://doi.org/10.17977/um039v8i12023p49
Hassan, M. A., Liu, W., McDonough, D. J., Su, X., & Gao, Z. (2022). Comparative Effectiveness of Physical Activity Intervention Programs on Motor Skills in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19), 11914. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911914
Jaksic, D., Mandic, S., Maksimovic, N., Milosevic, Z., Roklicer, R., Vukovic, J., Pocek, S., Lakicevic, N., Bianco, A., Cassar, S., & Drid, P. (2020). Effects of a Nine-Month Physical Activity Intervention on Morphological Characteristics and Motor and Cognitive Skills of Preschool Children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6609. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186609
Kasingku, J. D. (2023). The Role of Healthy Food to Improve the Physical and Spiritual Health of Students. JUPE?: Jurnal Pendidikan Mandala, 8(3), 853. https://doi.org/10.58258/jupe.v8i3.5891
Kochhar, M., & Tripathi, K. N. (2022). Study of Emotional Intelligence and Well-Being among Working Professionals. Mind and Society, 11(02), 99–108. https://doi.org/10.56011/mind-mri-112-202211
Kowalski, K. C., Crocker, P. R. E., & Faulkner, R. A. (1997). Validation of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children. Pediatric Exercise Science, 9(2), 174–186. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.9.2.174
Kuzik, N., Naylor, P.-J., Spence, J. C., & Carson, V. (2020). Movement behaviours and physical, cognitive, and social-emotional development in preschool-aged children: Cross-sectional associations using compositional analyses. PLOS ONE, 15(8), e0237945. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237945
Kvalø, S. E., & Natlandsmyr, I. K. (2021). The effect of physical-activity intervention on children’s health-related quality of life. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 49(5), 539–545. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494820971493
Li, Q., Wang, Q., Xin, Z., & Gu, H. (2022). The Impact of Gross Motor Skills on the Development of Emotion Understanding in Children Aged 3–6 Years: The Mediation Role of Executive Functions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(22), 14807. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214807
M. Castelli, D. (2023). Physical Activity, Fitness, and Cognitive Function in Children and Adolescents. In Sport and Fitness in Children and Adolescents - A Multidimensional View. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104719
Reichert, M., Brüßler, S., Reinhard, I., Braun, U., Giurgiu, M., Hoell, A., Zipf, A., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Tost, H., & Ebner-Priemer, U. W. (2022). The association of stress and physical activity: Mind the ecological fallacy. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 52(2), 282–289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-022-00823-0
Romero-Pérez, E. M., González-Bernal, J. J., Soto-Cámara, R., González-Santos, J., Tánori-Tapia, J. M., Rodríguez-Fernández, P., Jiménez-Barrios, M., Márquez, S., & de Paz, J. A. (2020). Influence of a Physical Exercise Program in the Anxiety and Depression in Children with Obesity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(13), 4655. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134655
Sánchez-Álvarez, N., Berrios Martos, M. P., & Extremera, N. (2020). A Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Academic Performance in Secondary Education: A Multi-Stream Comparison. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01517
Sanda, T.-U. (2018). Developing children emotional intelligence through game and movement situational trening. Scientific Bulletin of Naval Academy, XIX(1), 292–298. https://doi.org/10.21279/1454-864X-18-I1-044
Syaukani, A. A., Mohd Hashim, A. H., & Subekti, N. (2023). Conceptual Framework of Applied Holistic Education in Physical Education and Sports: A Systematic Review of Empirical Evidence. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 23(5), 794–802. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2023.5.19
Tymofiichuk, I. R., Dotsiuk, L. H., Semenenko, S. B., Boreiko, L. D., & Semenenko, N. Yu. (2019). Analysis of food rates of students of the faculty of physical education. One Health and Nutrition Problems of Ukraine, 51(2), 82–86. https://doi.org/10.33273/2663-9726-2019-51-2-82-86
Veldman, S. L. C., Chin A Paw, M. J. M., & Altenburg, T. M. (2021). Physical activity and prospective associations with indicators of health and development in children aged <5 years: a systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 18(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-01072-w
Volmut, T., Pišot, R., Planinšec, J., & Šimuni?, B. (2021). Physical Activity Drops During Summer Holidays for 6- to 9-Year-Old Children. Frontiers in Public Health, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.631141
Wibowo, C. (2024). A Study on the Analysis of Fundamental Motor Skills and Physical Activity Among Elementary School Students. Indonesian Journal of Sport Management, 4(1).
Wibowo, C., Christovel Dese, D., & Eko Nopiyanto, Y. (2024). Developing a precise gross motor skills assessment instrument for elementary school students (ages 7-9). Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports, 28(2), 84–92. https://doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2024.0201
Wuthrich, V. M., Jagiello, T., & Azzi, V. (2020). Academic Stress in the Final Years of School: A Systematic Literature Review. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 51(6), 986–1015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-020-00981-y
Zhang, H., Cheng, J., & Wang, Z. (2022). Relationship Among Motor Behavior, Motor Development, and Motor Performance in Children Aged 7–8 Years in China. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.898266
Biddle, S. J. H., Ciaccioni, S., Thomas, G., & Vergeer, I. (2019). Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: An updated review of reviews and an analysis of causality. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 42, 146–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.08.011
Bidzan-Bluma, I., & Lipowska, M. (2018). Physical Activity and Cognitive Functioning of Children: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(4), 800. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040800
Borland, R. L., Cameron, L. A., Tonge, B. J., & Gray, K. M. (2022). Effects of physical activity on behaviour and emotional problems, mental health and psychosocial well?being in children and adolescents with intellectual disability: A systematic review. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 35(2), 399–420. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12961
Crocker, P. R. E., Bailey, D. A., Faulkner, R. A., Kowalski, K. C., & Mcgrath, R. (1997). Measuring general levels of physical activity: preliminary evidence for the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 29(10), 1344–1349. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199710000-00011
Damian, M., Oltean, A., & Damian, C. (2018). The Impact of sedentary behavior on health and the need for physical activity in children and adolescents. Revista Romaneasca Pentru Educatie Multidimensionala, 10(1), 71. https://doi.org/10.18662/rrem/19
Doherty, A., & Forés Miravalles, A. (2019). Physical Activity and Cognition: Inseparable in the Classroom. Frontiers in Education, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2019.00105
Engel, A. C., Broderick, C. R., van Doorn, N., Hardy, L. L., & Parmenter, B. J. (2018). Exploring the Relationship Between Fundamental Motor Skill Interventions and Physical Activity Levels in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 48(8), 1845–1857. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0923-3
Esmaeelzadehazad, S., Valadi, S., & Gabbard, C. (2022). The impact of maternal emotional intelligence on young children’s motor development. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 19(4), 494–510. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2021.1918094
Farmer, J., Mistry, M., & Jainer, A. K. (2020). Emotional Intelligence for Healthcare. Sushruta Journal of Health Policy & Opinion, 13(1), 26–27. https://doi.org/10.38192/13.1.8
Gao, Z., & Wang, R. (2019a). Children’s motor skills competence, physical activity, fitness, and health promotion. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 8(2), 95–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2018.12.002
Gao, Z., & Wang, R. (2019b). Children’s motor skills competence,
physical activity, fitness, and health promotion. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 8(2), 95–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2018.12.002
Harahap, N. R. A., Badrujaman, A., & Hidayat, D. R. (2022).
Determinants of Academic Stress in Students. Bisma The Journal of Counseling, 6(3), 335–345. https://doi.org/10.23887/bisma.v6i3.53548
Hasan, H. A., Adi, S., Hariyanto, E., Khongrungchok, A., Oktaviani, H. I., & Fajarianto, O. (2023). Physical Activity with Play and Game Model to Improve the Cognitive of Elementary School Students. Edcomtech: Jurnal Kajian Teknologi Pendidikan, 8(1), 49. https://doi.org/10.17977/um039v8i12023p49
Hassan, M. A., Liu, W., McDonough, D. J., Su, X., & Gao, Z. (2022). Comparative Effectiveness of Physical Activity Intervention Programs on Motor Skills in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19), 11914. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911914
Jaksic, D., Mandic, S., Maksimovic, N., Milosevic, Z., Roklicer, R., Vukovic, J., Pocek, S., Lakicevic, N., Bianco, A., Cassar, S., & Drid, P. (2020). Effects of a Nine-Month Physical Activity Intervention on Morphological Characteristics and Motor and Cognitive Skills of Preschool Children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6609. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186609
Kasingku, J. D. (2023). The Role of Healthy Food to Improve the Physical and Spiritual Health of Students. JUPE?: Jurnal Pendidikan Mandala, 8(3), 853. https://doi.org/10.58258/jupe.v8i3.5891
Kochhar, M., & Tripathi, K. N. (2022). Study of Emotional Intelligence and Well-Being among Working Professionals. Mind and Society, 11(02), 99–108. https://doi.org/10.56011/mind-mri-112-202211
Kowalski, K. C., Crocker, P. R. E., & Faulkner, R. A. (1997). Validation of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children. Pediatric Exercise Science, 9(2), 174–186. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.9.2.174
Kuzik, N., Naylor, P.-J., Spence, J. C., & Carson, V. (2020). Movement behaviours and physical, cognitive, and social-emotional development in preschool-aged children: Cross-sectional associations using compositional analyses. PLOS ONE, 15(8), e0237945. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237945
Kvalø, S. E., & Natlandsmyr, I. K. (2021). The effect of physical-activity intervention on children’s health-related quality of life. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 49(5), 539–545. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494820971493
Li, Q., Wang, Q., Xin, Z., & Gu, H. (2022). The Impact of Gross Motor Skills on the Development of Emotion Understanding in Children Aged 3–6 Years: The Mediation Role of Executive Functions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(22), 14807. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214807
M. Castelli, D. (2023). Physical Activity, Fitness, and Cognitive Function in Children and Adolescents. In Sport and Fitness in Children and Adolescents - A Multidimensional View. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104719
Reichert, M., Brüßler, S., Reinhard, I., Braun, U., Giurgiu, M., Hoell, A., Zipf, A., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Tost, H., & Ebner-Priemer, U. W. (2022). The association of stress and physical activity: Mind the ecological fallacy. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 52(2), 282–289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-022-00823-0
Romero-Pérez, E. M., González-Bernal, J. J., Soto-Cámara, R., González-Santos, J., Tánori-Tapia, J. M., Rodríguez-Fernández, P., Jiménez-Barrios, M., Márquez, S., & de Paz, J. A. (2020). Influence of a Physical Exercise Program in the Anxiety and Depression in Children with Obesity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(13), 4655. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134655
Sánchez-Álvarez, N., Berrios Martos, M. P., & Extremera, N. (2020). A Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Academic Performance in Secondary Education: A Multi-Stream Comparison. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01517
Sanda, T.-U. (2018). Developing children emotional intelligence through game and movement situational trening. Scientific Bulletin of Naval Academy, XIX(1), 292–298. https://doi.org/10.21279/1454-864X-18-I1-044
Syaukani, A. A., Mohd Hashim, A. H., & Subekti, N. (2023). Conceptual Framework of Applied Holistic Education in Physical Education and Sports: A Systematic Review of Empirical Evidence. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 23(5), 794–802. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2023.5.19
Tymofiichuk, I. R., Dotsiuk, L. H., Semenenko, S. B., Boreiko, L. D., & Semenenko, N. Yu. (2019). Analysis of food rates of students of the faculty of physical education. One Health and Nutrition Problems of Ukraine, 51(2), 82–86. https://doi.org/10.33273/2663-9726-2019-51-2-82-86
Veldman, S. L. C., Chin A Paw, M. J. M., & Altenburg, T. M. (2021). Physical activity and prospective associations with indicators of health and development in children aged <5 years: a systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 18(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-01072-w
Volmut, T., Pišot, R., Planinšec, J., & Šimuni?, B. (2021). Physical Activity Drops During Summer Holidays for 6- to 9-Year-Old Children. Frontiers in Public Health, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.631141
Wibowo, C. (2024). A Study on the Analysis of Fundamental Motor Skills and Physical Activity Among Elementary School Students. Indonesian Journal of Sport Management, 4(1).
Wibowo, C., Christovel Dese, D., & Eko Nopiyanto, Y. (2024). Developing a precise gross motor skills assessment instrument for elementary school students (ages 7-9). Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports, 28(2), 84–92. https://doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2024.0201
Wuthrich, V. M., Jagiello, T., & Azzi, V. (2020). Academic Stress in the Final Years of School: A Systematic Literature Review. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 51(6), 986–1015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-020-00981-y
Zhang, H., Cheng, J., & Wang, Z. (2022). Relationship Among Motor Behavior, Motor Development, and Motor Performance in Children Aged 7–8 Years in China. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.898266
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2024-06-30
How to Cite
Dese, D. C., & Wibowo, C. (2024). Analysis of the relationship between emotional quotient and physical activities on fundamental motor skills of elementary school. Jurnal Maenpo : Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani Kesehatan Dan Rekreasi, 14(1), 51–64. https://doi.org/10.35194/jm.v14i1.4196
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